Error handling in Perl

• Using unless
  • The unless is the logical opposite to if. Statements can completely bypass the success status and only be executed if the expression returns false.
    • example: die “Error message\n”unless(chdir(“dir”))
    • the unless statement is best used when you want to raise an error only if the expression fails.
• Using the conditional operator
  • For some short tests, you can use the conditional operator
    • example: print (exists($hash{$key}))
• Using Warn function
  • Warn function just raises a warning, a message is printed to STDERR, but no further action is taken
    • example: chdir(“dir”) or warn “warn message”;
• Using Die function
  • Die function works like warn, except that is also calls exit, within a normal script, this function has the effect of immediately terminating execution.
    • example: chdir(“dir”) or die “die message”;
• Using Carp function
  • Carp function is the basic equivalent of warn and prints the message to STDERR without existing the script and printing the script name
    • example: carp “error message”; will result in “error message, at scriptname.pl line number”
• Using Cluck function
  • Cluck function is a sort of supercharged carp, it follows the same basic principle but also prints a stack trace of all the modules that led to the function being called, including the information on the original script.
• Using Croak function
  • Croak function is the equivalent of die. it reports the caller one level up. Like die, this function also exists the script after reporting the error to STDERR.

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Tie tech in Perl

hide an object class in a simple variable::::::{ tie $scalar, ‘package’, ARGUMENTS… }

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The tie() function binds a variable to a class (package) that will provide the implementation for access methods for that variable. Once this magic has been performed, accessing a tied variable automatically triggers method calls in the proper class. The complexity of the class is hidden behind magic methods calls. The method names are in ALL CAPS, which is a convention that Perl uses to indicate that they’re called implicitly rather than explicitly–just like the BEGIN() and END() functions.

1. Tying scalar:::
2. Tying arrays:::
3. Tying hashes:::
4. Tying filehandle:::

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Arrays::::::

Hashes::::::

FileHandles::::::

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